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What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder causing high blood sugar due to impaired insulin production, resistance, or both. Insulin regulates glucose metabolism, and its dysfunction leads to hyperglycemia.
Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune attack on insulin-producing cells, while
Type 2 is linked to insulin resistance and lifestyle factors. Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and slow healing wounds. If unmanaged, complications like heart disease, kidney failure, and nerve damage can arise. Early detection and proper management, including a healthy diet, exercise, blood sugar monitoring, and medication, help prevent complications and improve long-term health.
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
- Increased Thirst & Frequent Urination – Excess glucose causes dehydration.
- Unexplained Weight Loss – Body breaks down muscle and fat for energy.
- Extreme Fatigue – Glucose can’t enter cells due to insulin issues.
- Blurred Vision – High blood sugar affects the eye lens.
- Slow-Healing Wounds – Poor circulation impairs healing.
- Tingling/Numbness – Nerve damage from high glucose.
- Frequent Infections – Weakened immune system.
When to See a Doctor
- Persistent symptoms like excessive thirst or weight loss.
- Family history of diabetes with mild symptoms.
- Overweight with risk factors (high BP, cholesterol).
- Recurrent infections or slow-healing wounds.
Causes of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.
- Type 2: Insulin resistance due to genetics, obesity, or poor lifestyle.
- Gestational: Pregnancy-related hormonal changes and maternal obesity.
Diagnosis & Tests
- FBS/RBS Tests – Measures blood sugar levels.
- HbA1c Test – Assesses long-term glucose control.
- OGTT – Evaluates glucose tolerance.
- C-Peptide Test – Differentiates between Type 1 & 2.
Treatment Options
- Lifestyle: Healthy diet, exercise, weight control, stress management.
- Medications: Metformin, insulin, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 & SGLT2 inhibitors.
- Monitoring: Regular blood sugar checks, screening for complications.
