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What Is Parathyroid Disorders
Parathyroid disorders affect the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the body through parathyroid hormone (PTH). These conditions can lead to calcium imbalances, impacting bones, kidneys, nerves, and muscles. Hyperparathyroidism causes excess PTH, leading to high calcium levels, kidney stones, and osteoporosis, while hypoparathyroidism results in low PTH, causing muscle cramps, tingling, and weak bones. Proper diagnosis and treatment, including medication or surgery, help maintain calcium balance and overall health.
Types of Parathyroid Disorders
Hyperparathyroidism (Excess PTH)
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Caused by an overactive parathyroid gland, often due to a benign tumor (adenoma). Leads to high calcium levels (hypercalcemia), causing kidney stones, osteoporosis, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Occurs due to chronic conditions like kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, leading to excessive PTH secretion in response to low calcium levels.
Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH)
- Leads to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia), causing muscle cramps, tingling sensations, seizures, and brittle nails. It may occur due to genetic conditions, autoimmune diseases, or surgical removal of the parathyroid glands.
Symptoms of Parathyroid Disorders
- Hyperparathyroidism: Weak bones, kidney stones, fatigue, frequent urination, depression.
- Hypoparathyroidism: Muscle spasms, numbness, tingling, seizures, dry skin, brittle hair.
Diagnosis
- Blood tests to measure PTH, calcium, and vitamin D levels.
- Bone density scan (DEXA) to check for osteoporosis.
- Ultrasound or CT scan for detecting parathyroid tumors.
Treatment
- Hyperparathyroidism: Surgery (parathyroidectomy) for adenoma removal, medications like calcimimetics, increased hydration.
- Hypoparathyroidism: Calcium and vitamin D supplements, PTH hormone therapy in severe cases.
Proper diagnosis and treatment by an endocrinologist are essential for managing parathyroid disorders effectively. Let me know if you need more details!
