OSTEOPOROSIS - dranamikagora.com

What is Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that weakens bones, making them fragile and more prone to fractures. It occurs when bone density decreases due to aging, hormonal changes, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, or an inactive lifestyle. Often called a “silent disease,” osteoporosis shows no symptoms until a fracture happens, commonly in the hip, spine, or wrist. Diagnosis is typically done through a bone density test (DEXA scan). Treatment includes calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercises, and medications like bisphosphonates to slow bone loss. Preventive measures such as a healthy diet and regular exercise help maintain strong bones.

Causes of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis results from an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Common causes include:

Aging – Bone density naturally decreases with age.
Hormonal Changes – Low estrogen (postmenopausal women) or low testosterone (men) can accelerate bone loss.
Calcium & Vitamin D Deficiency – Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake weakens bones.
Sedentary Lifestyle – Lack of weight-bearing exercise contributes to bone loss.
Genetics – A family history of osteoporosis increases risk.
Certain Medications – Long-term use of corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and some cancer treatments can lead to bone loss.
Medical Conditions – Hyperthyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic kidney disease can contribute to osteoporosis.

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis often has no symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

Loss of Height – Over time, compression fractures in the spine can cause a stooped posture.
Back Pain – Fractures in the vertebrae may cause chronic pain.
Fragile Bones – Increased risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist, from minor falls or injuries.
Stooped Posture (Kyphosis) – Weakening of spinal bones leads to a hunched back.

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is diagnosed through:

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Test – The most common test is the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) scan, which measures bone density.
Blood Tests – Evaluate calcium, vitamin D, and hormone levels.
X-rays – Detect fractures or bone thinning.

Treatment of Osteoporosis

Lifestyle and Dietary Changes

Calcium-Rich Diet – Dairy products, green leafy vegetables, and fortified foods.
Vitamin D Supplementation – Essential for calcium absorption (sunlight exposure, supplements).
Weight-Bearing Exercise – Walking, jogging, strength training to improve bone health.
Avoid Smoking & Excess Alcohol – Both weaken bones.

Medications

Bisphosphonates – Alendronate, Risedronate, Zoledronic Acid (reduce bone breakdown).
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) – Raloxifene (mimics estrogen to protect bones).
Hormone Therapy – Estrogen therapy for postmenopausal women (used selectively).
Denosumab – A monoclonal antibody that slows bone loss.
Teriparatide & Abaloparatide – Promote new bone formation.

Prevention of Osteoporosis

Maintain adequate calcium and vitamin D levels.
Engage in regular physical activity (weight-bearing & strength training).
Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
Get bone density tests if at risk, especially postmenopausal women and older adults.